Candida species isolated from the vaginal mucosa of HIV-infected women in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

BACKGROUND: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the second most common vaginal infection. HIV-infection is a risk factor for this infection. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of VVC and to describe the main Candida species isolated and their susceptibility to antifungal drugs in HIV-infected patients, compared to HIV-uninfected women in Salvador, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including a group of 64 HIV-infected women and 76 uninfected women, followed up at the AIDS reference center and at the Gynecological Clinic of Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (Salvador, Bahia, Brazil). RESULTS: Frequency of Candida spp. was higher in HIV-infected women (29.7 percent) than in HIV-uninfected controls (14.5 percent) (p = 0.02). The odds ratio value for vulvovaginal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients was 2.6 (95 percent CI: 1.07 - 6.32 p = 0.03). Candida albicans was the most commonly isolated species in both HIV-infected (52.3 percent) and uninfected women (85.7 percent), followed by C. parapsolis in 17.6 percent and 14.3 percent, respectively. In HIV-infected women, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and a coinfection of C. albicans and C. glabrata were also identified. There was no significant difference between Candida species isolated from the vaginal mucosa of women with VVC and colonization of the vaginal mucosa of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. One C. glabrata isolate from an HIV-infected patient was resistant to fluconazole and other two isolates exhibited a dose-dependent susceptibility. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm a higher frequency of Candida spp. isolated from the vaginal mucosa of HIV-infected women and a broader spectrum of species involved. Only Candida glabrata isolates showed decreased susceptibility to fluconazole.

Motivos relacionados à escolha da medicina intensiva como especialidade por médicos residentes / Reasons related to the choice of critical care medicine as a specialty by medical residents

OBJETIVOS: A medicina intensiva é especialidade relativamente nova que apresentou grande desenvolvimento no Brasil nos últimos anos. No entanto, existe pouca procura por parte dos médicos em realizar este tipo de especialização. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os motivos pelos quais os médicos residentes de Salvador-BA pretendem ou não realizar residência médica em medicina intensiva. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo, em que foi aplicado um questionário, durante o período de outubro a dezembro de 2007, a todos os médicos residentes das especialidades pré-requisito para medicina intensiva (clínica médica, cirurgia geral e anestesiologia). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 165 médicos residentes (89,7 por cento do total), sendo 51,5 por cento residentes de clínica médica, 25,5 por cento de cirurgia geral e 23 por cento de anestesiologia. Dos entrevistados, 14 (9,1 por cento) pretendem fazer residência de medicina intensiva, embora 90 (54,5 por cento) pretendam ser plantonistas de unidades de terapia intensiva após a residência. O principal motivo destacado para se especializar em medicina intensiva foi gostar de trabalhar com pacientes graves (92,9 por cento). Já os principais motivos para não se especializar em medicina intensiva estão relacionados à pior qualidade de vida ou de trabalho. Os médicos residentes que fizeram algum estágio em unidade de terapia intensiva durante a graduação são mais propensos a serem plantonistas de unidades de terapia intensiva após a residência. CONCLUSÕES: A população avaliada demonstrou baixo interesse em se especializar em medicina intensiva. Os principais motivos apontados foram os fatores relacionados à qualidade de vida dos intensivistas e ao ambiente de trabalho. Um levantamento nacional se faz necessário para identificar quais as intervenções são adequadas para incentivar esta especialização.

OBJECTIVES: Critical Care Medicine is a relatively new specialty, which in recent years has made significant progress in Brazil. However, few physicians are willing to acquire this specialization. The main objective of this study was to describe the factors associated with choice of Critical Care Medicine as a specialty by medical residents of Salvador-BA. METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive study, in which a questionnaire was submitted to all residents of the specialties that are a prerequisite for Critical Care Medicine (Clinical Medicine, General Surgery and Anesthesiology), between October and December 2007. RESULTS: The study included 165 residents (89.7 percent of the total), in which 51.5 percent were clinical medicine residents, 25.5 percent were general surgery residents, and 23.0 percent were anesthesiology residents. Of the respondents, 14 (9.1 percent) intended to enter Critical Care Medicine residency, although 90 (54.5 percent) were willing to become intensive care unit physicians after their regular residency. The main reason stated to specialize in critical care medicine was to like work with critically ill patients (92.9 percent). The main reasons stated not to specialize in critical care medicine, however were related with the poorer quality of life and work. Residents who did intensive care unit initernship during medical studies were more likely to work in an intensive care units after residency. CONCLUSIONS: This population showed little interest to specialize in critical care medicine. The main reasons given for this limited interest were factors related to quality of life and intensive care unit environment. A national survey is required to identify the interventions needed to favor this specialization.

Inquérito nacional sobre as ligas acadêmicas de Medicina Intensiva / Survey on Brazilian Critical Care Medicine undergraduate study groups

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB) tem estimulado a criação de ligas acadêmicas de Medicina Intensiva (MI), considerando-as instrumento útil no preenchimento de lacunas na formação profissional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as atividades desenvolvidas pelas ligas acadêmicas de MI de todo o Brasil. MÉTODO: Foi realizada análise das informações obtidas pela resposta a um questionário padrão. O contato foi feito por e-mail ou telefone com os representantes das Ligas constantes de lista fornecida pelo Comitê das Ligas Acadêmicas (LIGAMI-AMIB) em setembro de 2007. Na época existiam 33 ligas associadas ao LIGAMI, das quais quatro não mais estão ativas, 17 responderam ao questionário enviado. As 12 restantes não responderam ao questionário ou não foi obtido contato. RESULTADOS: A maioria das ligas foi fundada a partir de 2005, coincidindo com a criação do Comitê LIGAMI-AMIB, e são vinculadas a uma ou mais faculdades de Medicina. Dentre as atividades realizadas destaca-se a realização de aulas teóricas (100 por cento), geralmente ministradas pelos professores orientadores ou médicos convidados (69 por cento). Outras atividades incluem práticas em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) (88 por cento), organização de eventos (77 por cento) e atividades de pesquisa (65 por cento). A maioria das ligas (65 por cento), já realizou algum evento científico (cursos, simpósios e jornadas), no entanto, apenas três referiram já ter realizado o Curso de Introdução à Medicina Intensiva da AMIB. CONCLUSÕES: O número crescente de ligas de MI no Brasil demonstra o interesse dos estudantes por esta especialidade e aponta para a necessidade de maior integração no intuito de trocar experiências, cooperar na realização de atividades de pesquisa e participar de eventos nacionais e internacionais.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Brazilian Intensive Care Medicine Association (AMIB) has been stimulating the creation of undergraduate associations/study groups on Critical Care Medicine (CCM), considering them a useful instrument to fill gaps in professional formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activities developed by CCM undergraduate study groups in Brazil. METHODS: The analyzed information was obtained on answers to a standard questionnaire. Contact by e-mail and/or telephone was made with representatives of all study groups registered on AMIB Committee of Undergraduate Study Groups on CCM (LIGAMI-AMIB) in September of 2007. In that period, there were 33 groups associated to LIGAMI, which 4 doesn't exist anymore, 17 answered to the sent questionnaire and the remaining 12 didn't answer the questionnaire or it was not obtained contact. RESULTS: Most study groups were founded after 2005, coinciding with the LIGAMI-AMIB Committee creation, and they are linked to one or more medical schools. Among the group's activities, the most frequent was theoretical classes (100 percent), usually supplied by teachers or invited physicians (69 percent). Other activities include practices on Intensive Care Units (88 percent), organization of scientific events (77 percent) and research projects (65 percent). Most study groups (65 percent) had already organized some scientific event such as courses and symposia; however, only three had already accomplished the AMIB CCM Introductory Course. CONCLUSIONS: The growing number of CCM undergraduate study groups in Brazil demonstrates students' interest for this specialty. Besides, there is a necessity of larger integration between existing groups to change experiences, cooperate in the accomplishment of research projects and participation on national and international events.